Digestive system

Digestive system of honey bee worker. After Michener (1974, fig 1.11) [1].
Abbreviations:
An - anus
Cb - cibarium
Cr - crop
Ephy - epipharynx
Int - intestine
Mal - Malpighian tubules
Mth - mouth
Oe - oesophagus
Phy - pharynx
Prvent - proventriculus
Rect - rectum
rp - rectal pad
Vent - ventriculus (midgut)
Hindgut consists of: pylorus, ileum, and rectum [2]. It plays an important role in haemolymph homeostasis. In hindgut water, ions and some small molecules are selectively reabsorbed from primary urine produced in the Malpighian tubules [3].
References
- The social behavior of the bees: a comparative study. Harvard Univ. Press., Cambridge, Mass. (1974)
- Post-embryonic changes in the hindgut of honeybee Apis mellifera workers: Morphology, cuticle deposition, apoptosis, and cell proliferation. Developmental biology 431:194–204. (2017)
- Mechanisms and control of reabsorption in insect hindgut. Advances in insect physiology 19:329–422. (1987)
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