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Hypopharyngeal glands

honey bee hypopharyngeal glands

Dissected hypopharyngeal glands of honey bee worker.


Hypopharyngeal glands consist of a pair of long glands coiled in the sides of the head (see also side view of the glands). Each gland consists about 550 oval acini attached to an axial collecting duct Hltanové slázy vcely medonasné,
Bull. ecol. agron., Brno
, Volume 10, p.1–63, (1927)
[1]. Diameter of the collecting duct is approximately 60 micrometers. It is covered inside with cuticle. The ducts open on the suboral plate of hypopharynx. For detailed description of ultrastructure see An electron microscope study on the pharyngeal glands of the honeybee,
Journal of Ultrastructure Research
, Volume 3, Number 2, p.155–170, (1959)
[2]The fine structure of the hypopharyngeal gland cell of the honey bee during development and secretion,
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
, Volume 55, Number 6, p.1414-1419, (1966)
[3]Ultrastructure of Apis mellifera hypopharyngeal gland,
Proc 6th Int Congr IUSSI
, Bern, p.121-130, (1969)
[4]A study of the ultrastructure and functional cycle of pharyngeal glands of the honeybee.,
Cytobiologie
, Volume 2, Number 3, p.341–358, (1970)
[5]Etude structurale, optique, et electronique, des glandes hypopharyngiennes de Apis mellifera,
Trabajos del Instituto Cajal de Investigaciones Biologicas
, Volume 64, p.223-240, (1972)
[6]Patterns of larval food production by hypopharyngeal glands in adult worker honey bees,
Apidologie
, Volume 21, Number 5, p.457–468, (1990)
[7]Modes of cell death in the hypopharyngeal gland of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L),
Cell Biology International
, Volume 24, Number 10, p.737–743, (2000)
[8]Age-dependent morphology and ultrastructure of the hypopharyngeal gland of Apis mellifera workers (Hymenoptera, Apidae),
Apidologie
, Volume 36, Number 1, p.49–57, (2005)
[9]Novel actin rings within the secretory cells of honeybee royal jelly glands,
Cytoskeleton
, Volume 69, p.1032-1039, (2012)
[10]Comparing the secretory pathway in honeybee venom and hypopharyngeal glands,
Arthropod Structure & Development
, p.(in press), (2012)
[11]Morphogenesis of honeybee hypopharyngeal gland during pupal development,
Frontiers in zoology
, Volume 14, Number 1, p.22, (2017)
[12].
Activity of the glands depends on age of workers Untersuchungen über die Arbeitsteilung im Bienenstaat, I. Teil: Die tätigkeiten im normalen Bienenstaate und ihre Beziehungen zum Alter der Arbeitsbienen.,
Z. vergl. Physiol.
, Volume 2, p.571-631, (1925)
[13]Histochemical Comparison of the Hypopharyngeal Gland in Apis cerana Fabricius, 1793 Workers and Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758 Workers,
Psyche: A journal of Entomology
, Volume 2010, p.181025, (2010)
[14]Change in the expression of hypopharyngeal-gland proteins of the worker honeybees (Apis melliferaL.) with age and/or role,
Journal of Biochemistry
, Volume 119, Number 2, p.291-295, (1996)
[15], their food and presence of larvae Measurement of hypopharyngeal gland activity in the honeybee,
Journal of Apicultural Research
, Volume 21, Number 4, p.193-198, (1982)
[16]Activation of the hypopharyngeal glands of honeybees in winter.,
Journal of Apicultural Research
, Volume 22, Number 3, p.137-141, (1983)
[17]Adaptation of hypopharyngeal gland development to the brood status of honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies,
Journal of Insect Physiology
, Volume 44, Number 10, p.929–939, (1998)
[18]. The glands are most active in young bees, however, they can be also developed in old workers if young workers are absent, for example in hopelessly queenless colony Functional flexibility of the honey bee hypopharyngeal gland in a dequeened colony,
Zoological science
, Volume 17, Number 8, p.1089–1094, (2000)
[19]. The hypopharyngeal glands are active only in workers which have direct contact with brood Nature of brood signal activating the protein synthesis of hypopharyngeal gland in honey bees, Apis mellifera (Apidae: Hymenoptera),
Apidologie
, Volume 20, p.455-464, (1989)
[20]. There are some studies related to genetic control of hypopharyngeal glands development Transcriptome differences in the hypopharyngeal gland between Western Honeybees (Apis mellifera) and Eastern Honeybees (Apis cerana),
BMC Genomics
, Volume 15, Number 1, p.744, (2014)
[21]Quantitative analysis of the genes affecting development of the hypopharyngeal gland in honey bees (Apis mellifera L.),
Sociobiology
, Volume 62, Number 3, p.412–416, (2015)
[22].
Secretion of the hypopharyngeal glands is rich in proteins. The secretion of young workers is important component of royal jelly Elektrophoretische Untersuchungen zur Sekretionstätigkeit der Hypopharynxdrüse der Honigbiene (Apis Mellifera L.),
Insectes Sociaux
, Volume 27, p.61-77, (1980)
[23]Patterns of larval food production by hypopharyngeal glands in adult worker honey bees,
Apidologie
, Volume 21, Number 5, p.457–468, (1990)
[7]Identification and partial characterization of the major royal jelly protein of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.),
J. Apic. Res.
, Volume 31, p.22-26, (1992)
[24]Change in the expression of hypopharyngeal-gland proteins of the worker honeybees (Apis melliferaL.) with age and/or role,
Journal of Biochemistry
, Volume 119, Number 2, p.291-295, (1996)
[15]. The secretion of older workers contains sucrose hydrolysis enzymes Invertase in the hypopharyngeal glands of the honeybee,
J. Apic. Res.
, Volume 7, p.29-36, (1968)
[25]Hormonal control of the division of labor in adult honeybees (Apis mellifera L.). I. Effect of methoprene on corpora allata and hypopharyngeal gland, and its α-glucosidase activity.,
Applied Entomology and Zoology
, Volume 24, Number 1, p.66–77, (1989)
[26] including alpha-glucosidase, amylase, and glucose oxidase Change in the expression of hypopharyngeal-gland proteins of the worker honeybees (Apis melliferaL.) with age and/or role,
Journal of Biochemistry
, Volume 119, Number 2, p.291-295, (1996)
[15]Expression of amylase and glucose oxidase in the hypopharyngeal gland with an age-dependent role change of the worker honeybee (Apis mellifera L.),
European Journal of Biochemistry
, Volume 265, Number 1, p.127–133, (1999)
[27]. There are known some genes which change their expression in hypopharyngeal glands with age Molecular cloning of cDNA and analysis of expression of the gene for alpha-glucosidase from the hypopharyngeal gland of the honeybee Apis mellifera L.,
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
, Volume 221, Number 2, p.380–385, (1996)
[28]Change in the mode of gene expression of the hypopharyngeal gland cells with an age-dependent role change of the worker honeybee Apis mellifera L.,
European Journal of Biochemistry
, Volume 249, Number 3, p.797–802, (1997)
[29]Expression of AmGR10 of the Gustatory Receptor Family in Honey Bee Is Correlated with Nursing Behavior,
PloS one
, Volume 10, Number 11, p.e0142917, (2015)
[30].
Workers with developed hypopharyngeal glands consume more pollen Adaptation of hypopharyngeal gland development to the brood status of honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies,
Journal of Insect Physiology
, Volume 44, Number 10, p.929–939, (1998)
[18].
Hypopharyngeal glands are less developed in workers starved Hypopharyngeal gland development and division of labour in honey-bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies,
Proc. Roy. Entomol. Soc. London (A)
, Volume 36, p.5-8, (1961)
[31]Influence of diet, age and colony condition upon intestinal proteolytic activity and size of the hypopharyngeal glands in the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.),
Journal of Insect Physiology
, Volume 35, Number 8, p.595–602, (1989)
[32], infected with Varroa The effect of Varroa jacobsoni on development and weight of hypopharyngeal glands and lifespan of Apis mellifera,
Apidologie
, Volume 18, p.101-110, (1987)
[33], injected with juvenile hormone Behavioral changes in worker honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) after injection with synthetic juvenile hormone (Hymenoptera: Apidae),
J. Kans. Entomol. Soc.
, Volume 49, p.165-170, (1976)
[34], poisoned with pesticides The effects of four crop protection products on the morphology and ultrastructure of the hypopharyngeal gland of the European honeybee, Apis mellifera,
Apidologie
, Volume 42, Number 1, p.103–116, (2011)
[35]Sublethal doses of imidacloprid decreased size of hypopharyngeal glands and respiratory rhythm of honeybees in vivo,
Apidologie
, p.(in press), (2013)
[36], soybean trypsin inhibitor Effects of soybean trypsin inhibitor on hypopharyngeal gland protein content, total midgut protease activity and survival of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.),
Journal of insect Physiology
, Volume 51, Number 9, p.953–957, (2005)
[37]Influence of Bt-transgenic pollen, Bt-toxin and protease inhibitor (SBTI) ingestion on development of the hypopharyngeal glands in honeybees,
Apidologie
, Volume 36, Number 4, p.585-594, (2005)
[38]Effects of protein-constrained brood food on honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) pollen foraging and colony growth,
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
, Volume 61, Number 9, p.1471–1478, (2007)
[39]Does transgenic Cry1Ac+ CpTI cotton pollen affect hypopharyngeal gland development and midgut proteolytic enzyme activity in the honey bee Apis mellifera L.(Hymenoptera, Apidae)?,
Ecotoxicology
, Volume 21, p.2214-2221, (2012)
[40], carbon dioxide Beobachtungen über die Wirkungen der Kohlensäure-Narkose auf Arbeitsbienen,
Schweizerische Bienen-Zeitung
, Volume 73, p.174–184, (1950)
[41]Effect of carbon dioxide on the honeybee workers,
Pszczelnicze Zeszyty Naukowe
, Volume 18, p.107-119, (1974)
[42] and other anaesthetics Effects of some anaesthetics on honeybees: nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, ammonium nitrate smoker fumes,
Bee World
, Volume 35, Number 8, p.149–155, (1954)
[43].