Honey capping
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Honey bee comb with honey at various stages of capping.
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Honey bee comb with honey at various stages of capping.
"This study shows that interaction between Nosema disease and insecticides represents a significant additional risk for bee populations, and could possibly explain certain cases of excess mortality. This work also finds that insecticide doses considered to be non-lethal have a lethal toxic potential for organisms that are infested with parasites and therefore vulnerable." Exposure to Sublethal Doses of Fipronil and Thiacloprid Highly Increases Mortality of Honeybees Previously Infected by Nosema ceranae,
PloS one
, Volume 6, Number 6, p.e21550, (2011)
[1]
Nasonov gland (marked red) of honey bee worker. After Jacobs (1925, fig. 12a, 21b) Das Duftorgan von Apis mellifica und ähnliche Hautdrüsenorgane sozialer und solitärer Apiden,
Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Ökologie der Tiere
, Volume 3, p.1-80, (1924)
[2], Snodgras (1956, fig. 57c) Anatomy of the honey bee,
, Ithaca, p.334, (1956)
[3].
In the upper image the gland is exposed; in the lower image the gland is hidden between tergites.
Drone comb with irregular cells. Honey bee workers started to build the comb in two places. There are irregular cells where the two combs met. The comb building is not planed or centrally controlled. When two pieces of comb do not fit together workers improvise to connect them.
Honey bee worker cooling brood using water droplets. After Park (1925) The storing and ripening of honey by honeybees,
J. Econ. Entomol.
, Volume 18, p.405-410, (1925)
[4].
Vibration signal performed by worker on the left (red) on worker on the right (black). After Seeley (1995, fig. 6.3) The wisdom of the hive: the social physiology of honey bee colonies,
, Cambridge, p.295, (1995)
[5].
Part of fore wing of honey bee worker used for measurements of cubital index. (scale bar = 1 mm)
"Bees have been shown to adjust their speed according to obstacle proximity, whether such obstacles are in the horizontal or vertical plane. They achieve this through perceived optic flow, especially from overhead." Honeybees' speed depends on dorsal as well as lateral, ventral and frontal optic flows,
PloS one
, Volume 6, Number 5, p.e19486, (2011)
[13]
When alarmed honey bee worker can expose its sting and spread alarm pheromones by fanning its wings. After Maschwitz (1964, fig. 6b) Gefahrenalarmstoffe und Gefahrenalarmierung bei sozialen Hymenopteren,
Z. vergl. Physiol.
, Volume 47, p.596-655, (1964)
[14].
"By sealing up cells full of contaminated pollen, bees appear to be attempting to protect the rest of the hive" “Entombed Pollen”: A new condition in honey bee colonies associated with increased risk of colony mortality,
Journal of Invertebrate Pathology
, Volume 101, Number 2, p.147–149, (2009)
[15]
Copyright 2011-2019 Adam Tofilski, use of imges
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Cite this website: Tofilski A. (2019) Honey bee. Available from http://www.honeybee.drawwing.org.